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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<title>BusyBox - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux</title>
<link rev="made" href="mailto:root@shadow.nonet" />
</head>
<body style="background-color: white">
<p><a name="__index__"></a></p>
<!-- INDEX BEGIN -->
<!--
<ul>
<li><a href="#name">NAME</a></li>
<li><a href="#syntax">SYNTAX</a></li>
<li><a href="#description">DESCRIPTION</a></li>
<li><a href="#usage">USAGE</a></li>
<li><a href="#common_options">COMMON OPTIONS</a></li>
<li><a href="#commands">COMMANDS</a></li>
<li><a href="#command_descriptions">COMMAND DESCRIPTIONS</a></li>
<li><a href="#libc_nss">LIBC NSS</a></li>
<li><a href="#maintainer">MAINTAINER</a></li>
<li><a href="#authors">AUTHORS</a></li>
</ul>
-->
<!-- INDEX END -->
<p>
</p>
<h1><a name="name">NAME</a></h1>
<p>BusyBox - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr />
<h1><a name="syntax">SYNTAX</a></h1>
<pre>
BusyBox &lt;function&gt; [arguments...] # or</pre>
<pre>
&lt;function&gt; [arguments...] # if symlinked</pre>
<p>
</p>
<hr />
<h1><a name="description">DESCRIPTION</a></h1>
<p>BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a single
small executable. It provides minimalist replacements for most of the utilities
you usually find in GNU coreutils, util-linux, etc. The utilities in BusyBox
generally have fewer options than their full-featured GNU cousins; however, the
options that are included provide the expected functionality and behave very
much like their GNU counterparts.</p>
<p>BusyBox has been written with size-optimization and limited resources in mind.
It is also extremely modular so you can easily include or exclude commands (or
features) at compile time. This makes it easy to customize your embedded
systems. To create a working system, just add /dev, /etc, and a Linux kernel.
BusyBox provides a fairly complete POSIX environment for any small or embedded
system.</p>
<p>BusyBox is extremely configurable. This allows you to include only the
components you need, thereby reducing binary size. Run 'make config' or 'make
menuconfig' to select the functionality that you wish to enable. The run
'make' to compile BusyBox using your configuration.</p>
<p>After the compile has finished, you should use 'make install' to install
BusyBox. This will install the '/bin/busybox' binary, and will also create
symlinks pointing to the '/bin/busybox' binary for each utility that you
compile into BusyBox. By default, 'make install' will place these symlinks
into the './_install' directory, unless you have defined 'PREFIX', thereby
specifying some alternative location (i.e., 'make PREFIX=/tmp/foo install').
If you wish to install using hardlinks, rather than the default of using
symlinks, you can use 'make PREFIX=/tmp/foo install-hardlinks' instead.</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr />
<h1><a name="usage">USAGE</a></h1>
<p>BusyBox is a multi-call binary. A multi-call binary is an executable program
that performs the same job as more than one utility program. That means there
is just a single BusyBox binary, but that single binary acts like a large
number of utilities. This allows BusyBox to be smaller since all the built-in
utility programs (we call them applets) can share code for many common operations.</p>
<p>You can also invoke BusyBox by issuing a command as an argument on the
command line. For example, entering</p>
<pre>
/bin/busybox ls</pre>
<p>will also cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls'.</p>
<p>Of course, adding '/bin/busybox' into every command would be painful. So most
people will invoke BusyBox using links to the BusyBox binary.</p>
<p>For example, entering</p>
<pre>
ln -s /bin/busybox ls
./ls</pre>
<p>will cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls' (if the 'ls' command has been compiled
into BusyBox). Generally speaking, you should never need to make all these
links yourself, as the BusyBox build system will do this for you when you run
the 'make install' command.</p>
<p>If you invoke BusyBox with no arguments, it will provide you with a list of the
applets that have been compiled into your BusyBox binary.</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr />
<h1><a name="common_options">COMMON OPTIONS</a></h1>
<p>Most BusyBox commands support the <strong>--help</strong> argument to provide a terse runtime
description of their behavior. If the CONFIG_FEATURE_VERBOSE_USAGE option has
been enabled, more detailed usage information will also be available.</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr />
<h1><a name="commands">COMMANDS</a></h1>
<p>Currently defined functions include:</p>
<pre>
addgroup, adduser, adjtimex, ar, arping, ash, awk, basename, bunzip2,
busybox, bzcat, cal, cat, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, chvt, clear, cmp,
cp, cpio, crond, crontab, cut, date, dc, dd, deallocvt, delgroup, deluser,
devfsd, df, dirname, dmesg, dos2unix, dpkg, dpkg-deb, du, dumpkmap,
dumpleases, echo, egrep, env, expr, false, fbset, fdflush, fdformat, fdisk,
fgrep, find, fold, free, freeramdisk, fsck.minix, ftpget, ftpput, getopt,
getty, grep, gunzip, gzip, halt, hdparm, head, hexdump, hostid, hostname,
httpd, hush, hwclock, id, ifconfig, ifdown, ifup, inetd, init, insmod,
install, ip, ipaddr, ipcalc, iplink, iproute, iptunnel, kill, killall,
klogd, lash, last, length, linuxrc, ln, loadfont, loadkmap, logger, login,
logname, logread, losetup, ls, lsmod, makedevs, md5sum, mesg, mkdir,
mkfifo, mkfs.minix, mknod, mkswap, mktemp, modprobe, more, mount, msh, mt,
mv, nameif, nc, netstat, nslookup, od, openvt, passwd, patch, pidof, ping,
ping6, pipe_progress, pivot_root, poweroff, printf, ps, pwd, rdate,
readlink, realpath, reboot, renice, reset, rm, rmdir, rmmod, route, rpm,
rpm2cpio, run-parts, rx, sed, seq, setkeycodes, sha1sum, sleep, sort,
start-stop-daemon, strings, stty, su, sulogin, swapoff, swapon, sync,
sysctl, syslogd, tail, tar, tee, telnet, telnetd, test, tftp, time, top,
touch, tr, traceroute, true, tty, udhcpc, udhcpd, umount, uname,
uncompress, uniq, unix2dos, unzip, uptime, usleep, uudecode, uuencode,
vconfig, vi, vlock, watch, watchdog, wc, wget, which, who, whoami, xargs,
yes, zcat</pre>
<p>
</p>
<hr />
<h1><a name="command_descriptions">COMMAND DESCRIPTIONS</a></h1>
<dl>
<dt><strong><a name="item_addgroup"><strong>addgroup</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
addgroup [<strong>-g</strong> GID] group_name [user_name]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Adds a group to the system</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-g GID specify gid</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_adduser"><strong>adduser</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
adduser [OPTIONS] user_name
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Adds a user to the system</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-h DIR Assign home directory DIR
-g GECOS Assign gecos field GECOS
-s SHELL Assign login shell SHELL
-G Add the user to existing group GROUP
-S create a system user (ignored)
-D Do not assign a password (logins still possible via ssh)
-H Do not create the home directory</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_adjtimex"><strong>adjtimex</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
adjtimex [<strong>-q</strong>] [<strong>-o</strong> offset] [<strong>-f</strong> frequency] [<strong>-p</strong> timeconstant] [<strong>-t</strong> tick]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Reads and optionally sets system timebase parameters.
See adjtimex(2).</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-q quiet mode - do not print
-o offset time offset, microseconds
-f frequency frequency adjust, integer kernel units (65536 is 1ppm)
(positive values make the system clock run fast)
-t tick microseconds per tick, usually 10000
-p timeconstant</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_ar"><strong>ar</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
ar [<strong>-o</strong>] [<strong>-v</strong>] [<strong>-p</strong>] [<strong>-t</strong>] [<strong>-x</strong>] ARCHIVE FILES
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Extract or list FILES from an ar archive.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-o preserve original dates
-p extract to stdout
-t list
-x extract
-v verbosely list files processed</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_arping"><strong>arping</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
arping [<strong>-fqbDUA</strong>] [<strong>-c</strong> count] [<strong>-w</strong> timeout] [<strong>-I</strong> device] [<strong>-s</strong> sender] target
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Ping hosts by ARP requests/replies.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-f Quit on first ARP reply
-q Be quiet
-b Keep broadcasting, don't go unicast
-D Duplicated address detection mode
-U Unsolicited ARP mode, update your neighbours
-A ARP answer mode, update your neighbours
-c count Stop after sending count ARP request packets
-w timeout Time to wait for ARP reply, in seconds
-I device Outgoing interface name, default is eth0
-s sender Set specific sender IP address
target Target IP address of ARP request</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_ash"><strong>ash</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
ash [FILE]...
or: ash <strong>-c</strong> command [args]...
</dd>
<dd>
<p>The ash shell (command interpreter)</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_awk"><strong>awk</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
awk [OPTION]... [program-text] [FILE ...]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-v var=val assign value 'val' to variable 'var'
-F sep use 'sep' as field separator
-f progname read program source from file 'progname'</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_basename"><strong>basename</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
basename FILE [SUFFIX]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Strips directory path and suffixes from FILE.
If specified, also removes any trailing SUFFIX.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ basename /usr/local/bin/foo
foo
$ basename /usr/local/bin/
bin
$ basename /foo/bar.txt .txt
bar</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_bunzip2"><strong>bunzip2</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
bunzip2 [OPTION]... [FILE]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Uncompress FILE (or standard input if FILE is '-' or omitted).</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-c Write output to standard output
-f Force</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_bzcat"><strong>bzcat</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
bzcat FILE
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Uncompress to stdout.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_cal"><strong>cal</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
cal [<strong>-jy</strong>] [[month] year]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Display a calendar.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-j Use julian dates.
-y Display the entire year.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_cat"><strong>cat</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
cat [<strong>-u</strong>] [FILE]...
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Concatenates <code>FILE(s)</code> and prints them to stdout.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-u ignored since unbuffered i/o is always used</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ cat /proc/uptime
110716.72 17.67</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_chgrp"><strong>chgrp</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
chgrp [OPTION]... GROUP FILE...
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Change the group membership of each FILE to GROUP.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-R Changes files and directories recursively.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ ls -l /tmp/foo
-r--r--r-- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
$ chgrp root /tmp/foo
$ ls -l /tmp/foo
-r--r--r-- 1 andersen root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_chmod"><strong>chmod</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
chmod [<strong>-R</strong>] MODE[,MODE]... FILE...
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Each MODE is one or more of the letters ugoa, one of the
symbols +-= and one or more of the letters rwxst.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-R Changes files and directories recursively.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ ls -l /tmp/foo
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
$ chmod u+x /tmp/foo
$ ls -l /tmp/foo
-rwxrw-r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo*
$ chmod 444 /tmp/foo
$ ls -l /tmp/foo
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_chown"><strong>chown</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
chown [ <strong>-Rh</strong> ]... OWNER[&lt;.|:&gt;[GROUP]] FILE...
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-R Changes files and directories recursively.
-h Do not dereference symbolic links.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ ls -l /tmp/foo
-r--r--r-- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
$ chown root /tmp/foo
$ ls -l /tmp/foo
-r--r--r-- 1 root andersen 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
$ chown root.root /tmp/foo
ls -l /tmp/foo
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_chroot"><strong>chroot</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
chroot NEWROOT [COMMAND...]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ ls -l /bin/ls
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 12 Apr 13 00:46 /bin/ls -&gt; /BusyBox
# mount /dev/hdc1 /mnt -t minix
# chroot /mnt
# ls -l /bin/ls
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 40816 Feb 5 07:45 /bin/ls*</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_chvt"><strong>chvt</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
chvt N
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Changes the foreground virtual terminal to /dev/ttyN</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_clear"><strong>clear</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
clear
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Clear screen.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_cmp"><strong>cmp</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
cmp [<strong>-l</strong>] [<strong>-s</strong>] FILE1 [FILE2]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Compare files. Compares FILE1 vs stdin if FILE2 is not specified.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-l Write the byte numbers (decimal) and values (octal)
for all differing bytes.
-s quiet mode - do not print</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_cp"><strong>cp</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
cp [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Copies SOURCE to DEST, or multiple <code>SOURCE(s)</code> to DIRECTORY.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-a Same as -dpR
-d Preserves links
-p Preserves file attributes if possible
-f force (implied; ignored) - always set
-i interactive, prompt before overwrite
-R,-r Copies directories recursively</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_cpio"><strong>cpio</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
cpio -[dimtuv][F cpiofile]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Extract or list files from a cpio archive
Main operation mode:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
d make leading directories
i extract
m preserve mtime
t list
v verbose
u unconditional overwrite
F input from file</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_crond"><strong>crond</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
crond <strong>-d</strong>[#] <strong>-c</strong> &lt;crondir&gt; <strong>-f</strong> <strong>-b</strong>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-d [#] -l [#] -S -L logfile -f -b -c dir
-d num debug level
-l num log level (8 - default)
-S log to syslogd (default)
-L file log to file
-f run in fordeground
-b run in background (default)
-c dir working dir</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_crontab"><strong>crontab</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
crontab [<strong>-c</strong> dir] {file|-}|[<strong>-u</strong>|<strong>-l</strong>|<strong>-e</strong>|<strong>-d</strong> user]
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
file &lt;opts&gt; replace crontab from file
- &lt;opts&gt; replace crontab from stdin
-u user specify user
-l [user] list crontab for user
-e [user] edit crontab for user
-d [user] delete crontab for user
-c dir specify crontab directory</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_cut"><strong>cut</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
cut [OPTION]... [FILE]...
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Prints selected fields from each input FILE to standard output.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-b LIST Output only bytes from LIST
-c LIST Output only characters from LIST
-d CHAR Use CHAR instead of tab as the field delimiter
-s Output only the lines containing delimiter
-f N Print only these fields
-n Ignored</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ echo &quot;Hello world&quot; | cut -f 1 -d ' '
Hello
$ echo &quot;Hello world&quot; | cut -f 2 -d ' '
world</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_date"><strong>date</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
date [OPTION]... [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] [+FORMAT]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Displays the current time in the given FORMAT, or sets the system date.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-R Outputs RFC-822 compliant date string
-d STRING Displays time described by STRING, not `now'
-I[TIMESPEC] Outputs an ISO-8601 compliant date/time string.
TIMESPEC=`date' (or missing) for date only,
`hours', `minutes', or `seconds' for date and,
time to the indicated precision.
-s Sets time described by STRING
-r FILE Displays the last modification time of FILE
-u Prints or sets Coordinated Universal Time</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ date
Wed Apr 12 18:52:41 MDT 2000</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_dc"><strong>dc</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
dc expression ...
</dd>
<dd>
<p>This is a Tiny RPN calculator that understands the
following operations: +, add, -, sub, *, mul, /, div, %, mod, **, exp, and, or, not, eor.
For example: 'dc 2 2 add' -&gt; 4, and 'dc 8 8 \* 2 2 + /' -&gt; 16.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:
p - Prints the value on the top of the stack, without altering the stack.
f - Prints the entire contents of the stack without altering anything.
o - Pops the value off the top of the stack and uses it to set the output radix.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
Only 10 and 16 are supported.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ dc 2 2 + p
4
$ dc 8 8 \* 2 2 + / p
16
$ dc 0 1 and p
0
$ dc 0 1 or p
1
$ echo 72 9 div 8 mul p | dc
64</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_dd"><strong>dd</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td>dd [if=FILE] [of=FILE] [bs=N] [count=N] [skip=N]
<tr><td><td> [seek=N] [conv=notrunc|noerror|sync]</table>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Copy a file, converting and formatting according to options</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
if=FILE read from FILE instead of stdin
of=FILE write to FILE instead of stdout
bs=N read and write N bytes at a time
count=N copy only N input blocks
skip=N skip N input blocks
seek=N skip N output blocks
conv=notrunc don't truncate output file
conv=noerror continue after read errors
conv=sync pad blocks with zeros</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Numbers may be suffixed by c (x1), w (x2), b (x512), kD (x1000), k (x1024),
MD (x1000000), M (x1048576), GD (x1000000000) or G (x1073741824).</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/ram1 bs=1M count=4
4+0 records in
4+0 records out</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_deallocvt"><strong>deallocvt</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
deallocvt [N]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Deallocate unused virtual terminal /dev/ttyN</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_delgroup"><strong>delgroup</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
delgroup GROUP
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Deletes group GROUP from the system</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_deluser"><strong>deluser</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
deluser USER
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Deletes user USER from the system</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_devfsd"><strong>devfsd</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
devfsd mntpnt [<strong>-v</strong>][<strong>-fg</strong>][<strong>-np</strong>]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Optional daemon for managing devfs permissions and old device name symlinks.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
mntpnt The mount point where devfs is mounted.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-v Print the protocol version numbers for devfsd
and the kernel-side protocol version and exits.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-fg Run the daemon in the foreground.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-np Exit after parsing the configuration file
and processing synthetic REGISTER events.
Do not poll for events.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_df"><strong>df</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
df [<strong>-hmk</strong>] [FILESYSTEM ...]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Print the filesystem space used and space available.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-h print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 243M 2G )
-m print sizes in megabytes
-k print sizes in kilobytes(default)</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ df
Filesystem 1k-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3 8690864 8553540 137324 98% /
/dev/sda1 64216 36364 27852 57% /boot
$ df /dev/sda3
Filesystem 1k-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3 8690864 8553540 137324 98% /</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_dirname"><strong>dirname</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
dirname FILENAME
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Strips non-directory suffix from FILENAME</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ dirname /tmp/foo
/tmp
$ dirname /tmp/foo/
/tmp</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_dmesg"><strong>dmesg</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
dmesg [<strong>-c</strong>] [<strong>-n</strong> LEVEL] [<strong>-s</strong> SIZE]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Prints or controls the kernel ring buffer</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-c Clears the ring buffer's contents after printing
-n LEVEL Sets console logging level
-s SIZE Use a buffer of size SIZE</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_dos2unix"><strong>dos2unix</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
dos2unix [option] [FILE]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Converts FILE from dos format to unix format. When no option
is given, the input is converted to the opposite output format.
When no file is given, uses stdin for input and stdout for output.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-u output will be in UNIX format
-d output will be in DOS format</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_dpkg"><strong>dpkg</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
dpkg [<strong>-ilCPru</strong>] [<strong>-F</strong> option] package_name
</dd>
<dd>
<p>dpkg is a utility to install, remove and manage Debian packages.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-i Install the package
-l List of installed packages
-C Configure an unpackaged package
-F depends Ignore depency problems
-P Purge all files of a package
-r Remove all but the configuration files for a package
-u Unpack a package, but don't configure it</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_dpkg_2ddeb"><strong>dpkg-deb</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
dpkg-deb [<strong>-cefxX</strong>] FILE [argument]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Perform actions on Debian packages (.debs)</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-c List contents of filesystem tree
-e Extract control files to [argument] directory
-f Display control field name starting with [argument]
-x Extract packages filesystem tree to directory
-X Verbose extract</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ dpkg-deb -X ./busybox_0.48-1_i386.deb /tmp</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_du"><strong>du</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
du [<strong>-aHLdclsxhmk</strong>] [FILE]...
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Summarizes disk space used for each FILE and/or directory.
Disk space is printed in units of 1024 bytes.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-a show sizes of files in addition to directories
-H follow symbolic links that are FILE command line args
-L follow all symbolic links encountered
-d N limit output to directories (and files with -a) of depth &lt; N
-c output a grand total
-l count sizes many times if hard linked
-s display only a total for each argument
-x skip directories on different filesystems
-h print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 243M 2G )
-m print sizes in megabytes
-k print sizes in kilobytes(default)</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ du
16 ./CVS
12 ./kernel-patches/CVS
80 ./kernel-patches
12 ./tests/CVS
36 ./tests
12 ./scripts/CVS
16 ./scripts
12 ./docs/CVS
104 ./docs
2417 .</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_dumpkmap"><strong>dumpkmap</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
dumpkmap &gt; keymap
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Prints out a binary keyboard translation table to standard output.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ dumpkmap &gt; keymap</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_dumpleases"><strong>dumpleases</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
dumpleases [<strong>-r</strong>|<strong>-a</strong>] [<strong>-f</strong> LEASEFILE]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Displays the DHCP leases granted by udhcpd.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-f, --file=FILENAME Leases file to load
-r, --remaining Interpret lease times as time remaing
-a, --absolute Interpret lease times as expire time</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_echo"><strong>echo</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
echo [<strong>-neE</strong>] [ARG ...]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Prints the specified ARGs to stdout</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-n suppress trailing newline
-e interpret backslash-escaped characters (i.e., \t=tab)
-E disable interpretation of backslash-escaped characters</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ echo &quot;Erik is cool&quot;
Erik is cool
$ echo -e &quot;Erik\nis\ncool&quot;
Erik
is
cool
$ echo &quot;Erik\nis\ncool&quot;
Erik\nis\ncool</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_env"><strong>env</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
env [<strong>-iu</strong>] [-] [name=value]... [command]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Prints the current environment or runs a program after setting
up the specified environment.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-, -i start with an empty environment
-u remove variable from the environment</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_expr"><strong>expr</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
expr EXPRESSION
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Prints the value of EXPRESSION to standard output.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>EXPRESSION may be:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2
ARG1 &amp; ARG2 ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0
ARG1 &lt; ARG2 ARG1 is less than ARG2
ARG1 &lt;= ARG2 ARG1 is less than or equal to ARG2
ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 is equal to ARG2
ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 is unequal to ARG2
ARG1 &gt;= ARG2 ARG1 is greater than or equal to ARG2
ARG1 &gt; ARG2 ARG1 is greater than ARG2
ARG1 + ARG2 arithmetic sum of ARG1 and ARG2
ARG1 - ARG2 arithmetic difference of ARG1 and ARG2
ARG1 * ARG2 arithmetic product of ARG1 and ARG2
ARG1 / ARG2 arithmetic quotient of ARG1 divided by ARG2
ARG1 % ARG2 arithmetic remainder of ARG1 divided by ARG2
STRING : REGEXP anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING
match STRING REGEXP same as STRING : REGEXP
substr STRING POS LENGTH substring of STRING, POS counted from 1
index STRING CHARS index in STRING where any CHARS is found,
or 0
length STRING length of STRING
quote TOKEN interpret TOKEN as a string, even if
it is a keyword like `match' or an
operator like `/'
( EXPRESSION ) value of EXPRESSION</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells.
Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else
lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between
\( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number
of characters matched or 0.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_false"><strong>false</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
false
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Return an exit code of FALSE (1).</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ false
$ echo $?
1</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_fbset"><strong>fbset</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
fbset [options] [mode]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Show and modify frame buffer settings</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ fbset
mode &quot;1024x768-76&quot;
# D: 78.653 MHz, H: 59.949 kHz, V: 75.694 Hz
geometry 1024 768 1024 768 16
timings 12714 128 32 16 4 128 4
accel false
rgba 5/11,6/5,5/0,0/0
endmode</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_fdflush"><strong>fdflush</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
fdflush DEVICE
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Forces floppy disk drive to detect disk change</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_fdformat"><strong>fdformat</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
fdformat [<strong>-n</strong>] DEVICE
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Low-level formats a floppy disk</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-n Don't verify after format</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_fdisk"><strong>fdisk</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
fdisk [<strong>-luv</strong>] [<strong>-C</strong> CYLINDERS] [<strong>-H</strong> HEADS] [<strong>-S</strong> SECTORS] [<strong>-b</strong> SSZ] DISK
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Change partition table
Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-l List partition table(s)
-u Give Start and End in sector (instead of cylinder) units
-s PARTITION Give partition size(s) in blocks
-b 2048: (for certain MO disks) use 2048-byte sectors
-C CYLINDERS Set the number of cylinders
-H HEADS Set the number of heads
-S SECTORS Set the number of sectors
-v Give fdisk version</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_find"><strong>find</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
find [PATH...] [EXPRESSION]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Search for files in a directory hierarchy. The default PATH is
the current directory; default EXPRESSION is '<strong>-print</strong>'</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>EXPRESSION may consist of:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-follow Dereference symbolic links.
-name PATTERN File name (leading directories removed) matches PATTERN.
-print Print (default and assumed).</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-type X Filetype matches X (where X is one of: f,d,l,b,c,...)
-perm PERMS Permissions match any of (+NNN); all of (-NNN);
or exactly (NNN)
-mtime TIME Modified time is greater than (+N); less than (-N);
or exactly (N) days
-newer FILE Modified time is more recent than FILE's
-inum N File has inode number N</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ find / -name passwd
/etc/passwd</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_fold"><strong>fold</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
fold [<strong>-bsw</strong>] [FILE]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Wrap input lines in each FILE (standard input by default), writing to
standard output.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-b count bytes rather than columns
-s break at spaces
-w use WIDTH columns instead of 80</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_free"><strong>free</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
free
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Displays the amount of free and used system memory</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ free
total used free shared buffers
Mem: 257628 248724 8904 59644 93124
Swap: 128516 8404 120112
Total: 386144 257128 129016</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_freeramdisk"><strong>freeramdisk</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
freeramdisk DEVICE
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Frees all memory used by the specified ramdisk.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ freeramdisk /dev/ram2</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_fsck_2eminix"><strong>fsck.minix</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
fsck.minix [<strong>-larvsmf</strong>] /dev/name
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Performs a consistency check for MINIX filesystems.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-l Lists all filenames
-r Perform interactive repairs
-a Perform automatic repairs
-v verbose
-s Outputs super-block information
-m Activates MINIX-like &quot;mode not cleared&quot; warnings
-f Force file system check.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_ftpget"><strong>ftpget</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
ftpget [options] remote-host local-file remote-file
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Retrieve a remote file via FTP.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-c, --continue Continue a previous transfer
-v, --verbose Verbose
-u, --username Username to be used
-p, --password Password to be used
-P, --port Port number to be used</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_ftpput"><strong>ftpput</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
ftpput [options] remote-host remote-file local-file
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Store a local file on a remote machine via FTP.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-v, --verbose Verbose
-u, --username Username to be used
-p, --password Password to be used
-P, --port Port number to be used</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_getopt"><strong>getopt</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
getopt [OPTIONS]...
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Parse command options</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-a, --alternative Allow long options starting with single -
-l, --longoptions=longopts Long options to be recognized
-n, --name=progname The name under which errors are reported
-o, --options=optstring Short options to be recognized
-q, --quiet Disable error reporting by getopt(3)
-Q, --quiet-output No normal output
-s, --shell=shell Set shell quoting conventions
-T, --test Test for getopt(1) version
-u, --unquoted Do not quote the output</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ cat getopt.test
#!/bin/sh
GETOPT=`getopt -o ab:c:: --long a-long,b-long:,c-long:: \
-n 'example.busybox' -- &quot;$@&quot;`
if [ $? != 0 ] ; then exit 1 ; fi
eval set -- &quot;$GETOPT&quot;
while true ; do
case $1 in
-a|--a-long) echo &quot;Option a&quot; ; shift ;;
-b|--b-long) echo &quot;Option b, argument `$2'&quot; ; shift 2 ;;
-c|--c-long)
case &quot;$2&quot; in
&quot;&quot;) echo &quot;Option c, no argument&quot;; shift 2 ;;
*) echo &quot;Option c, argument `$2'&quot; ; shift 2 ;;
esac ;;
--) shift ; break ;;
*) echo &quot;Internal error!&quot; ; exit 1 ;;
esac
done</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_getty"><strong>getty</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
getty [OPTIONS]... baud_rate,... line [termtype]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Opens a tty, prompts for a login name, then invokes /bin/login</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-h Enable hardware (RTS/CTS) flow control.
-i Do not display /etc/issue before running login.
-L Local line, so do not do carrier detect.
-m Get baud rate from modem's CONNECT status message.
-w Wait for a CR or LF before sending /etc/issue.
-n Do not prompt the user for a login name.
-f issue_file Display issue_file instead of /etc/issue.
-l login_app Invoke login_app instead of /bin/login.
-t timeout Terminate after timeout if no username is read.
-I initstring Sets the init string to send before anything else.
-H login_host Log login_host into the utmp file as the hostname.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_grep"><strong>grep</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
grep [<strong>-ihHnqvs</strong>] PATTERN [FILEs...]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Search for PATTERN in each FILE or standard input.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-H prefix output lines with filename where match was found
-h suppress the prefixing filename on output
-i ignore case distinctions
-l list names of files that match
-n print line number with output lines
-q be quiet. Returns 0 if result was found, 1 otherwise
-v select non-matching lines
-s suppress file open/read error messages</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ grep root /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
$ grep ^[rR]oo. /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_gunzip"><strong>gunzip</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
gunzip [OPTION]... FILE
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Uncompress FILE (or standard input if FILE is '-').</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-c Write output to standard output
-f Force read when source is a terminal
-t Test compressed file integrity</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
-rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 557009 Apr 11 10:55 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
$ gunzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
$ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
-rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_gzip"><strong>gzip</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
gzip [OPTION]... [FILE]...
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Compress <code>FILE(s)</code> with maximum compression.
When FILE is '-' or unspecified, reads standard input. Implies <strong>-c</strong>.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-c Write output to standard output instead of FILE.gz
-d Decompress
-f Force write when destination is a terminal</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ ls -la /tmp/busybox*
-rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/busybox.tar
$ gzip /tmp/busybox.tar
$ ls -la /tmp/busybox*
-rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 554058 Apr 14 17:49 /tmp/busybox.tar.gz</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_halt"><strong>halt</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
halt [<strong>-d</strong>&lt;delay&gt;]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Halt the system.
Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-d delay interval for halting.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_hdparm"><strong>hdparm</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
hdparm [options] [device] ..
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options: <strong>-a</strong> get/set fs readahead</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-A set drive read-lookahead flag (0/1)
-b get/set bus state (0 == off, 1 == on, 2 == tristate)
-B set Advanced Power Management setting (1-255)
-c get/set IDE 32-bit IO setting
-C check IDE power mode status
-d get/set using_dma flag
-D enable/disable drive defect-mgmt
-f flush buffer cache for device on exit
-g display drive geometry
-h display terse usage information
-i display drive identification
-I detailed/current information directly from drive
-Istdin similar to -I, but wants /proc/ide/*/hd?/identify as input
-k get/set keep_settings_over_reset flag (0/1)
-K set drive keep_features_over_reset flag (0/1)
-L set drive doorlock (0/1) (removable harddisks only)
-m get/set multiple sector count
-n get/set ignore-write-errors flag (0/1)
-p set PIO mode on IDE interface chipset (0,1,2,3,4,...)
-P set drive prefetch count
-q change next setting quietly
-Q get/set DMA tagged-queuing depth (if supported)
-r get/set readonly flag (DANGEROUS to set)
-R register an IDE interface (DANGEROUS)
-S set standby (spindown) timeout
-t perform device read timings
-T perform cache read timings
-u get/set unmaskirq flag (0/1)
-U un-register an IDE interface (DANGEROUS)
-v defaults; same as -mcudkrag for IDE drives
-V display program version and exit immediately
-w perform device reset (DANGEROUS)
-W set drive write-caching flag (0/1) (DANGEROUS)
-x tristate device for hotswap (0/1) (DANGEROUS)
-X set IDE xfer mode (DANGEROUS)
-y put IDE drive in standby mode
-Y put IDE drive to sleep
-Z disable Seagate auto-powersaving mode
-z re-read partition table</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_head"><strong>head</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
head [OPTION]... [FILE]...
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Print first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output.
With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the
file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-n NUM Print first NUM lines instead of first 10
-c NUM output the first NUM bytes
-q never output headers giving file names
-v always output headers giving file names</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ head -n 2 /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_hexdump"><strong>hexdump</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
hexdump [-[bcdefnosvx]] [OPTION] FILE
</dd>
<dd>
<p>The hexdump utility is a filter which displays the specified files,
or the standard input, if no files are specified, in a user specified
format</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-b One-byte octal display
-c One-byte character display
-d Two-byte decimal display
-e FORMAT STRING
-f FORMAT FILE
-n LENGTH Interpret only length bytes of input
-o Two-byte octal display
-s OFFSET Skip offset byte
-v display all input data
-x Two-byte hexadecimal display</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_hostid"><strong>hostid</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
hostid
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Print out a unique 32-bit identifier for the machine.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_hostname"><strong>hostname</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
hostname [OPTION] {hostname | <strong>-F</strong> FILE}
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Get or set the hostname or DNS domain name. If a hostname is given
(or FILE with the <strong>-F</strong> parameter), the host name will be set.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-s Short
-i Addresses for the hostname
-d DNS domain name
-f Fully qualified domain name
-F FILE Use the contents of FILE to specify the hostname</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ hostname
sage</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_httpd"><strong>httpd</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
httpd [<strong>-c</strong> &lt;conf file&gt;] [<strong>-p</strong> &lt;port&gt;] [<strong>-u</strong> user] [<strong>-r</strong> &lt;realm&gt;] [<strong>-m</strong> pass] [<strong>-h</strong> home] [<strong>-d</strong>/<strong>-e</strong> &lt;string&gt;]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Listens for incoming http server requests.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-c FILE Specifies configuration file. (default httpd.conf)
-p PORT Server port (default 80)
-u USER Set uid to USER after listening privileges port
-r REALM Authentication Realm for Basic Authentication
-m PASS Crypt PASS with md5 algorithm
-h HOME Specifies http HOME directory (default ./)
-e STRING Html encode STRING
-d STRING URL decode STRING</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_hwclock"><strong>hwclock</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
hwclock [<strong>-r</strong>|-<strong>-show</strong>] [<strong>-s</strong>|-<strong>-hctosys</strong>] [<strong>-w</strong>|-<strong>-systohc</strong>] [<strong>-l</strong>|-<strong>-localtime</strong>] [<strong>-u</strong>|-<strong>-utc</strong>]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Query and set the hardware clock (RTC)</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-r read hardware clock and print result
-s set the system time from the hardware clock
-w set the hardware clock to the current system time
-u the hardware clock is kept in coordinated universal time
-l the hardware clock is kept in local time</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_id"><strong>id</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
id [OPTIONS]... [USERNAME]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Print information for USERNAME or the current user</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-c prints only the security context
-g prints only the group ID
-u prints only the user ID
-n print a name instead of a number
-r prints the real user ID instead of the effective ID</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ id
uid=1000(andersen) gid=1000(andersen)</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_ifconfig"><strong>ifconfig</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
ifconfig [<strong>-a</strong>] &lt;interface&gt; [&lt;address&gt;]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>configure a network interface</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:
[add &lt;address&gt;[/&lt;prefixlen&gt;]]
[del &lt;address&gt;[/&lt;prefixlen&gt;]]</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
[[-]broadcast [&lt;address&gt;]] [[-]pointopoint [&lt;address&gt;]]
[netmask &lt;address&gt;] [dstaddr &lt;address&gt;]
[outfill &lt;NN&gt;] [keepalive &lt;NN&gt;]
[hw ether &lt;address&gt;] [metric &lt;NN&gt;] [mtu &lt;NN&gt;]
[[-]trailers] [[-]arp] [[-]allmulti]
[multicast] [[-]promisc] [txqueuelen &lt;NN&gt;] [[-]dynamic]
[mem_start &lt;NN&gt;] [io_addr &lt;NN&gt;] [irq &lt;NN&gt;]
[up|down] ...</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_ifdown"><strong>ifdown</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
ifdown &lt;<strong>-ahinv</strong>&gt; &lt;ifaces...&gt;
</dd>
<dd>
<p>ifdown &lt;options&gt; &lt;ifaces...&gt;</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-h this help
-a de/configure all interfaces automatically
-i FILE use FILE for interface definitions
-n print out what would happen, but don't do it
(note that this option doesn't disable mappings)
-v print out what would happen before doing it
-m don't run any mappings
-f force de/configuration</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_ifup"><strong>ifup</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
ifup &lt;<strong>-ahinv</strong>&gt; &lt;ifaces...&gt;
</dd>
<dd>
<p>ifup &lt;options&gt; &lt;ifaces...&gt;</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-h this help
-a de/configure all interfaces automatically
-i FILE use FILE for interface definitions
-n print out what would happen, but don't do it
(note that this option doesn't disable mappings)
-v print out what would happen before doing it
-m don't run any mappings
-f force de/configuration</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_inetd"><strong>inetd</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
inetd [<strong>-q</strong> len] [conf]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Listens for network connections and launches programs</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Option:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-q Sets the size of the socket listen queue to
the specified value. Default is 128.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_init"><strong>init</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
init
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Init is the parent of all processes.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>This version of init is designed to be run only by the kernel.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>BusyBox init doesn't support multiple runlevels. The runlevels field of
the /etc/inittab file is completely ignored by BusyBox init. If you want
runlevels, use sysvinit.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>BusyBox init works just fine without an inittab. If no inittab is found,
it has the following default behavior:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
::askfirst:/bin/sh
::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/reboot
::shutdown:/sbin/swapoff -a
::shutdown:/bin/umount -a -r
::restart:/sbin/init</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>if it detects that /dev/console is _not_ a serial console, it will also run:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
tty2::askfirst:/bin/sh
tty3::askfirst:/bin/sh
tty4::askfirst:/bin/sh</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>If you choose to use an /etc/inittab file, the inittab entry format is as follows:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
&lt;id&gt;:&lt;runlevels&gt;:&lt;action&gt;:&lt;process&gt;</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
&lt;id&gt;:</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
WARNING: This field has a non-traditional meaning for BusyBox init!
The id field is used by BusyBox init to specify the controlling tty for
the specified process to run on. The contents of this field are
appended to &quot;/dev/&quot; and used as-is. There is no need for this field to
be unique, although if it isn't you may have strange results. If this
field is left blank, the controlling tty is set to the console. Also
note that if BusyBox detects that a serial console is in use, then only
entries whose controlling tty is either the serial console or /dev/null
will be run. BusyBox init does nothing with utmp. We don't need no
stinkin' utmp.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
&lt;runlevels&gt;:</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
The runlevels field is completely ignored.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
&lt;action&gt;:</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
Valid actions include: sysinit, respawn, askfirst, wait,
once, restart, ctrlaltdel, and shutdown.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
The available actions can be classified into two groups: actions
that are run only once, and actions that are re-run when the specified
process exits.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
Run only-once actions:</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
'sysinit' is the first item run on boot. init waits until all
sysinit actions are completed before continuing. Following the
completion of all sysinit actions, all 'wait' actions are run.
'wait' actions, like 'sysinit' actions, cause init to wait until
the specified task completes. 'once' actions are asynchronous,
therefore, init does not wait for them to complete. 'restart' is
the action taken to restart the init process. By default this should
simply run /sbin/init, but can be a script which runs pivot_root or it
can do all sorts of other interesting things. The 'ctrlaltdel' init
actions are run when the system detects that someone on the system
console has pressed the CTRL-ALT-DEL key combination. Typically one
wants to run 'reboot' at this point to cause the system to reboot.
Finally the 'shutdown' action specifies the actions to taken when
init is told to reboot. Unmounting filesystems and disabling swap
is a very good here</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
Run repeatedly actions:</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
'respawn' actions are run after the 'once' actions. When a process
started with a 'respawn' action exits, init automatically restarts
it. Unlike sysvinit, BusyBox init does not stop processes from
respawning out of control. The 'askfirst' actions acts just like
respawn, except that before running the specified process it
displays the line &quot;Please press Enter to activate this console.&quot;
and then waits for the user to press enter before starting the
specified process.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
Unrecognized actions (like initdefault) will cause init to emit an
error message, and then go along with its business. All actions are
run in the order they appear in /etc/inittab.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
&lt;process&gt;:</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
Specifies the process to be executed and its command line.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example /etc/inittab file:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
# This is run first except when booting in single-user mode.
#
::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
# /bin/sh invocations on selected ttys
#
# Start an &quot;askfirst&quot; shell on the console (whatever that may be)
::askfirst:-/bin/sh
# Start an &quot;askfirst&quot; shell on /dev/tty2-4
tty2::askfirst:-/bin/sh
tty3::askfirst:-/bin/sh
tty4::askfirst:-/bin/sh
# /sbin/getty invocations for selected ttys
#
tty4::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty4
tty5::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty5
# Example of how to put a getty on a serial line (for a terminal)
#
#::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS0 9600 vt100
#::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS1 9600 vt100
#
# Example how to put a getty on a modem line.
#::respawn:/sbin/getty 57600 ttyS2
# Stuff to do when restarting the init process
::restart:/sbin/init
# Stuff to do before rebooting
::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/reboot
::shutdown:/bin/umount -a -r
::shutdown:/sbin/swapoff -a</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_insmod"><strong>insmod</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
insmod [OPTION]... MODULE [symbol=value]...
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Loads the specified kernel modules into the kernel.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-f Force module to load into the wrong kernel version.
-k Make module autoclean-able.
-v verbose output
-q quiet output
-L Lock to prevent simultaneous loads of a module
-m Output load map to stdout
-o NAME Set internal module name to NAME
-x do not export externs</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_install"><strong>install</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
install [<strong>-cgmops</strong>] [sources] &lt;dest|directory&gt;
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Copies files and set attributes</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-c copy the file, default
-d create directories
-g set group ownership
-m set permission modes
-o set ownership
-p preserve date
-s strip symbol tables</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_ip"><strong>ip</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
ip [ OPTIONS ] { address | link | route | tunnel } { COMMAND | help }
</dd>
<dd>
<p>ip [ OPTIONS ] OBJECT { COMMAND | help }
where OBJECT := { link | addr | route | tunnel }
OPTIONS := { <strong>-f</strong>[amily] { inet | inet6 | link } | <strong>-o</strong>[neline] }</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_ipaddr"><strong>ipaddr</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td>ipaddr { {add|del} IFADDR dev STRING | {show|flush}
<tr><td><td>[ dev STRING ] [ to PREFIX ] }</table>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>ipaddr {add|del} IFADDR dev STRING
ipaddr {show|flush} [ dev STRING ] [ scope SCOPE-ID ]</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
[ to PREFIX ] [ label PATTERN ]
IFADDR := PREFIX | ADDR peer PREFIX
[ broadcast ADDR ] [ anycast ADDR ]
[ label STRING ] [ scope SCOPE-ID ]
SCOPE-ID := [ host | link | global | NUMBER ]</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_ipcalc"><strong>ipcalc</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
ipcalc [OPTION]... &lt;ADDRESS&gt;[[/]&lt;NETMASK&gt;] [NETMASK]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Calculate IP network settings from a IP address</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-b --broadcast Display calculated broadcast address.
-n --network Display calculated network address.
-m --netmask Display default netmask for IP. X
-p --prefix Display the prefix for IP/NETMASK. -h --hostname Display first resolved host name.
-s --silent Don't ever display error messages.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_iplink"><strong>iplink</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
iplink
</dd>
<dd>
<p>iplink set DEVICE { up | down | arp { on | off } |</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
dynamic { on | off } |
mtu MTU }
iplink show [ DEVICE ]</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_iproute"><strong>iproute</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td>iproute { list | flush | { add | del | change | append |
<tr><td><td>replace | monitor } ROUTE }</table>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>iproute { list | flush } SELECTOR
iproute get ADDRESS [ from ADDRESS iif STRING ]</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
[ oif STRING ] [ tos TOS ]
iproute { add | del | change | append | replace | monitor } ROUTE
SELECTOR := [ root PREFIX ] [ match PREFIX ] [ proto RTPROTO ]
ROUTE := [ TYPE ] PREFIX [ tos TOS ] [ proto RTPROTO ]</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_iptunnel"><strong>iptunnel</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td>iptunnel { add | change | del | show } [ NAME ]
<tr><td><td>[ mode { ipip | gre | sit } ]
<tr><td><td>[ remote ADDR ] [ local ADDR ] [ ttl TTL ]</table>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>iptunnel { add | change | del | show } [ NAME ]</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
[ mode { ipip | gre | sit } ] [ remote ADDR ] [ local ADDR ]
[ [i|o]seq ] [ [i|o]key KEY ] [ [i|o]csum ]
[ ttl TTL ] [ tos TOS ] [ [no]pmtudisc ] [ dev PHYS_DEV ]</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_kill"><strong>kill</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
kill [<strong>-signal</strong>] process-id [process-id ...]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified process(es).</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-l List all signal names and numbers.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ ps | grep apache
252 root root S [apache]
263 www-data www-data S [apache]
264 www-data www-data S [apache]
265 www-data www-data S [apache]
266 www-data www-data S [apache]
267 www-data www-data S [apache]
$ kill 252</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_killall"><strong>killall</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
killall [<strong>-q</strong>] [<strong>-signal</strong>] process-name [process-name ...]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified process(es).</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-l List all signal names and numbers.
-q Do not complain if no processes were killed.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ killall apache</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_klogd"><strong>klogd</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
klogd [<strong>-c</strong> n] [<strong>-n</strong>]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Kernel logger.
Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-c n Sets the default log level of console messages to n.
-n Run as a foreground process.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_lash"><strong>lash</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
lash [FILE]...
or: sh <strong>-c</strong> command [args]...
</dd>
<dd>
<p>The BusyBox LAme SHell (command interpreter)</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>This command does not yet have proper documentation.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Use lash just as you would use any other shell. It properly handles pipes,
redirects, job control, can be used as the shell for scripts, and has a
sufficient set of builtins to do what is needed. It does not (yet) support
Bourne Shell syntax. If you need things like ``if-then-else'', ``while'', and such
use ash or bash. If you just need a very simple and extremely small shell,
this will do the job.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_last"><strong>last</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
last
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Shows listing of the last users that logged into the system</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_length"><strong>length</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
length STRING
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Prints out the length of the specified STRING.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ length Hello
5</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_ln"><strong>ln</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
ln [OPTION] TARGET... LINK_NAME|DIRECTORY
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Create a link named LINK_NAME or DIRECTORY to the specified TARGET</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>You may use '--' to indicate that all following arguments are non-options.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-s make symbolic links instead of hard links
-f remove existing destination files
-n no dereference symlinks - treat like normal file</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ ln -s BusyBox /tmp/ls
$ ls -l /tmp/ls
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Apr 12 18:39 ls -&gt; BusyBox*</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_loadfont"><strong>loadfont</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
loadfont &lt; font
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Loads a console font from standard input.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ loadfont &lt; /etc/i18n/fontname</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_loadkmap"><strong>loadkmap</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
loadkmap &lt; keymap
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Loads a binary keyboard translation table from standard input.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ loadkmap &lt; /etc/i18n/lang-keymap</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_logger"><strong>logger</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
logger [OPTION]... [MESSAGE]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Write MESSAGE to the system log. If MESSAGE is omitted, log stdin.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-s Log to stderr as well as the system log.
-t TAG Log using the specified tag (defaults to user name).
-p PRIORITY Enter the message with the specified priority.
This may be numerical or a ``facility.level'' pair.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ logger &quot;hello&quot;</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_login"><strong>login</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
login [OPTION]... [username] [ENV=VAR ...]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Begin a new session on the system</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-f Do not authenticate (user already authenticated)
-h Name of the remote host for this login.
-p Preserve environment.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_logname"><strong>logname</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
logname
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Print the name of the current user.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ logname
root</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_logread"><strong>logread</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
logread [OPTION]...
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Shows the messages from syslogd (using circular buffer).</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-f output data as the log grows</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_losetup"><strong>losetup</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
losetup [OPTION]... LOOPDEVICE FILE
or: losetup [OPTION]... <strong>-d</strong> LOOPDEVICE
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Associate LOOPDEVICE with FILE.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-d Disassociate LOOPDEVICE.
-o OFFSET Start OFFSET bytes into FILE.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_ls"><strong>ls</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
ls [<strong>-1AacCdeFilnpLRrSsTtuvwxXhkK</strong>] [filenames...]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>List directory contents</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-1 list files in a single column
-A do not list implied . and ..
-a do not hide entries starting with .
-C list entries by columns
-c with -l: show ctime
-d list directory entries instead of contents
-e list both full date and full time
-F append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries
-i list the i-node for each file
-l use a long listing format
-n list numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names
-p append indicator (one of /=@|) to entries
-L list entries pointed to by symbolic links
-R list subdirectories recursively
-r sort the listing in reverse order
-S sort the listing by file size
-s list the size of each file, in blocks
-T NUM assume Tabstop every NUM columns
-t with -l: show modification time
-u with -l: show access time
-v sort the listing by version
-w NUM assume the terminal is NUM columns wide
-x list entries by lines instead of by columns
-X sort the listing by extension
-h print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 243M 2G )
-k print security context
-K print security context in long format</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_lsmod"><strong>lsmod</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
lsmod
</dd>
<dd>
<p>List the currently loaded kernel modules.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_makedevs"><strong>makedevs</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
makedevs NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR FIRST LAST [s]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Creates a range of block or character special files</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>TYPEs include:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
b: Make a block (buffered) device.
c or u: Make a character (un-buffered) device.
p: Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for named pipes.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>FIRST specifies the number appended to NAME to create the first device.
LAST specifies the number of the last item that should be created.
If 's' is the last argument, the base device is created as well.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>For example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
makedevs /dev/ttyS c 4 66 2 63 -&gt; ttyS2-ttyS63
makedevs /dev/hda b 3 0 0 8 s -&gt; hda,hda1-hda8</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
# makedevs /dev/ttyS c 4 66 2 63
[creates ttyS2-ttyS63]
# makedevs /dev/hda b 3 0 0 8 s
[creates hda,hda1-hda8]</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_md5sum"><strong>md5sum</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
md5sum [OPTION] [FILEs...]
or: md5sum [OPTION] <strong>-c</strong> [FILE]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Print or check MD5 checksums.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-c check MD5 sums against given list</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>The following two options are useful only when verifying checksums:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-s don't output anything, status code shows success
-w warn about improperly formated MD5 checksum lines</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ md5sum &lt; busybox
6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003
$ md5sum busybox
6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003 busybox
$ md5sum -c -
6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003 busybox
busybox: OK
^D</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_mesg"><strong>mesg</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
mesg [y|n]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>mesg controls write access to your terminal</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
y Allow write access to your terminal.
n Disallow write access to your terminal.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_mkdir"><strong>mkdir</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
mkdir [OPTION] DIRECTORY...
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Create the <code>DIRECTORY(ies)</code> if they do not already exist</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-m set permission mode (as in chmod), not rwxrwxrwx - umask
-p no error if existing, make parent directories as needed</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ mkdir /tmp/foo
$ mkdir /tmp/foo
/tmp/foo: File exists
$ mkdir /tmp/foo/bar/baz
/tmp/foo/bar/baz: No such file or directory
$ mkdir -p /tmp/foo/bar/baz</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_mkfifo"><strong>mkfifo</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
mkfifo [OPTIONS] name
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Creates a named pipe (identical to 'mknod name p')</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-m create the pipe using the specified mode (default a=rw)</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_mkfs_2eminix"><strong>mkfs.minix</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
mkfs.minix [<strong>-c</strong> | <strong>-l</strong> filename] [<strong>-nXX</strong>] [<strong>-iXX</strong>] /dev/name [blocks]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Make a MINIX filesystem.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-c Check the device for bad blocks
-n [14|30] Specify the maximum length of filenames
-i INODES Specify the number of inodes for the filesystem
-l FILENAME Read the bad blocks list from FILENAME
-v Make a Minix version 2 filesystem</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_mknod"><strong>mknod</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
mknod [OPTIONS] NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Create a special file (block, character, or pipe).</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-m create the special file using the specified mode (default a=rw)</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>TYPEs include:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
b: Make a block (buffered) device.
c or u: Make a character (un-buffered) device.
p: Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for named pipes.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ mknod /dev/fd0 b 2 0
$ mknod -m 644 /tmp/pipe p</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_mkswap"><strong>mkswap</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
mkswap [<strong>-c</strong>] [<strong>-v0</strong>|<strong>-v1</strong>] device [block-count]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Prepare a disk partition to be used as a swap partition.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-c Check for read-ability.
-v0 Make version 0 swap [max 128 Megs].
-v1 Make version 1 swap [big!] (default for kernels &gt;
2.1.117).
block-count Number of block to use (default is entire partition).</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_mktemp"><strong>mktemp</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
mktemp [<strong>-dq</strong>] TEMPLATE
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Creates a temporary file with its name based on TEMPLATE.
TEMPLATE is any name with six `Xs' (i.e., /tmp/temp.XXXXXX).</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-d Make a directory instead of a file
-q Fail silently if an error occurs</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ mktemp /tmp/temp.XXXXXX
/tmp/temp.mWiLjM
$ ls -la /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
-rw------- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 25 17:10 /tmp/temp.mWiLjM</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_modprobe"><strong>modprobe</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
modprobe [<strong>-knqrsv</strong>] [MODULE ...]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Used for high level module loading and unloading.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-k Make module autoclean-able.
-n Just show what would be done.
-q Quiet output.
-r Remove module (stacks) or do autoclean.
-s Report via syslog instead of stderr.
-v Verbose output.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ modprobe cdrom</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_more"><strong>more</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
more [FILE ...]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>More is a filter for viewing FILE one screenful at a time.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ dmesg | more</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_mount"><strong>mount</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
mount [flags] DEVICE NODE [<strong>-o</strong> options,more-options]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Mount a filesystem. Autodetection of filesystem type requires the
/proc filesystem be already mounted.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Flags:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-a: Mount all filesystems in fstab.
-f: &quot;Fake&quot; Add entry to mount table but don't mount it.
-n: Don't write a mount table entry.
-o option: One of many filesystem options, listed below.
-r: Mount the filesystem read-only.
-t fs-type: Specify the filesystem type.
-w: Mount for reading and writing (default).</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options for use with the ``<strong>-o</strong>'' flag:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
async/sync: Writes are asynchronous / synchronous.
atime/noatime: Enable / disable updates to inode access times.
dev/nodev: Allow use of special device files / disallow them.
exec/noexec: Allow use of executable files / disallow them.
loop: Mounts a file via loop device.
suid/nosuid: Allow set-user-id-root programs / disallow them.
remount: Re-mount a mounted filesystem, changing its flags.
ro/rw: Mount for read-only / read-write.
bind: Use the linux 2.4.x &quot;bind&quot; feature.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>There are EVEN MORE flags that are specific to each filesystem.
You'll have to see the written documentation for those filesystems.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ mount
/dev/hda3 on / type minix (rw)
proc on /proc type proc (rw)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw)
$ mount /dev/fd0 /mnt -t msdos -o ro
$ mount /tmp/diskimage /opt -t ext2 -o loop</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_mt"><strong>mt</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
mt [<strong>-f</strong> device] opcode value
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Control magnetic tape drive operation</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Available Opcodes:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>bsf bsfm bsr bss datacompression drvbuffer eof eom erase
fsf fsfm fsr fss load lock mkpart nop offline ras1 ras2
ras3 reset retension rewind rewoffline seek setblk setdensity
setpart tell unload unlock weof wset</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_mv"><strong>mv</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
mv [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST
or: mv [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move <code>SOURCE(s)</code> to DIRECTORY.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-f don't prompt before overwriting
-i interactive, prompt before overwrite</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ mv /tmp/foo /bin/bar</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_nameif"><strong>nameif</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
nameif [<strong>-s</strong>] [<strong>-c</strong> FILE] [{IFNAME MACADDR}]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Nameif renaming network interface while it in the down state.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-c FILE Use configuration file (default is /etc/mactab)
-s Use syslog (LOCAL0 facility).
IFNAME MACADDR new_interface_name interface_mac_address</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ nameif -s dmz0 00:A0:C9:8C:F6:3F
or
$ nameif -c /etc/my_mactab_file</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_nc"><strong>nc</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
nc [OPTIONS] [IP] [port]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Netcat opens a pipe to IP:port</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-l listen mode, for inbound connects
-p PORT local port number
-i SECS delay interval for lines sent
-e PROG program to exec after connect (dangerous!)</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ nc foobar.somedomain.com 25
220 foobar ESMTP Exim 3.12 #1 Sat, 15 Apr 2000 00:03:02 -0600
help
214-Commands supported:
214- HELO EHLO MAIL RCPT DATA AUTH
214 NOOP QUIT RSET HELP
quit
221 foobar closing connection</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_netstat"><strong>netstat</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
netstat [<strong>-laenrtuwx</strong>]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Netstat displays Linux networking information.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-l display listening server sockets
-a display all sockets (default: connected)
-e display other/more information
-n don't resolve names
-r display routing table
-t tcp sockets
-u udp sockets
-w raw sockets
-x unix sockets</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_nslookup"><strong>nslookup</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
nslookup [HOST] [SERVER]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Queries the nameserver for the IP address of the given HOST
optionally using a specified DNS server</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ nslookup localhost
Server: default
Address: default
Name: debian
Address: 127.0.0.1</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_od"><strong>od</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
od [<strong>-aBbcDdeFfHhIiLlOovXx</strong>] [FILE]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Write an unambiguous representation, octal bytes by default, of FILE
to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_openvt"><strong>openvt</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
openvt &lt;vtnum&gt; &lt;COMMAND&gt; [ARGS...]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Start a command on a new virtual terminal</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
openvt 2 /bin/ash</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_passwd"><strong>passwd</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
passwd [OPTION] [name]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Change a user password. If no name is specified,
changes the password for the current user.
Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-a Define which algorithm shall be used for the password.
(Choices: des, md5 PASSWORD_ALG_TYPES(&quot;, sha1&quot;) )
-d Delete the password for the specified user account.
-l Locks (disables) the specified user account.
-u Unlocks (re-enables) the specified user account.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_patch"><strong>patch</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
patch [<strong>-p</strong>&lt;num&gt;]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>[<strong>-p</strong>&lt;num&gt;]</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ patch -p1 &lt;example.diff</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_pidof"><strong>pidof</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
pidof process-name [OPTION] [process-name ...]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Lists the PIDs of all processes with names that match the
names on the command line.
Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-s display only a single PID.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ pidof init
1</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_ping"><strong>ping</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
ping [OPTION]... host
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-c COUNT Send only COUNT pings.
-s SIZE Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default=56).
-q Quiet mode, only displays output at start
and when finished.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ ping localhost
PING slag (127.0.0.1): 56 data bytes
64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=20.1 ms
--- debian ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max = 20.1/20.1/20.1 ms</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_ping6"><strong>ping6</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
ping6 [OPTION]... host
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-c COUNT Send only COUNT pings.
-s SIZE Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default=56).
-q Quiet mode, only displays output at start
and when finished.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ ping6 ip6-localhost
PING ip6-localhost (::1): 56 data bytes
64 bytes from ::1: icmp6_seq=0 ttl=64 time=20.1 ms
--- ip6-localhost ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max = 20.1/20.1/20.1 ms</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_pivot_root"><strong>pivot_root</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
pivot_root NEW_ROOT PUT_OLD
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Move the current root file system to PUT_OLD and make NEW_ROOT
the new root file system.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_poweroff"><strong>poweroff</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
poweroff [<strong>-d</strong>&lt;delay&gt;]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Halt the system and request that the kernel shut off the power.
Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-d delay interval for shutting off.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_printf"><strong>printf</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
printf FORMAT [ARGUMENT...]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Formats and prints <code>ARGUMENT(s)</code> according to FORMAT,
Where FORMAT controls the output exactly as in C printf.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ printf &quot;Val=%d\n&quot; 5
Val=5</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_ps"><strong>ps</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
ps
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Report process status</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
This version of ps accepts no options.
Options:</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-c show SE Linux context</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ ps
PID Uid Gid State Command
1 root root S init
2 root root S [kflushd]
3 root root S [kupdate]
4 root root S [kpiod]
5 root root S [kswapd]
742 andersen andersen S [bash]
743 andersen andersen S -bash
745 root root S [getty]
2990 andersen andersen R ps</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_pwd"><strong>pwd</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
pwd
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Print the full filename of the current working directory.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ pwd
/root</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_rdate"><strong>rdate</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
rdate [<strong>-sp</strong>] HOST
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Get and possibly set the system date and time from a remote HOST.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-s Set the system date and time (default).
-p Print the date and time.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_readlink"><strong>readlink</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
readlink
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Displays the value of a symbolic link.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_realpath"><strong>realpath</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
realpath pathname ...
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Returns the absolute pathnames of given argument.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_reboot"><strong>reboot</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
reboot [<strong>-d</strong>&lt;delay&gt;]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Reboot the system.
Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-d delay interval for rebooting.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_renice"><strong>renice</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
renice priority pid [pid ...]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Changes priority of running processes. Allowed priorities range
from 20 (the process runs only when nothing else is running) to 0
(default priority) to <strong>-20</strong> (almost nothing else ever gets to run).</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_reset"><strong>reset</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
reset
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Resets the screen.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_rm"><strong>rm</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
rm [OPTION]... FILE...
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Remove (unlink) the FILE(s). You may use '--' to
indicate that all following arguments are non-options.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-i always prompt before removing each destination
-f remove existing destinations, never prompt
-r or -R remove the contents of directories recursively</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ rm -rf /tmp/foo</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_rmdir"><strong>rmdir</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
rmdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY...
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Remove the DIRECTORY(ies), if they are empty.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
# rmdir /tmp/foo</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_rmmod"><strong>rmmod</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
rmmod [OPTION]... [MODULE]...
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Unloads the specified kernel modules from the kernel.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-a Remove all unused modules (recursively)</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ rmmod tulip</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_route"><strong>route</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
route [{add|del|delete}]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Edit the kernel's routing tables.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-n Dont resolve names.
-e Display other/more information.
-A inet{6} Select address family.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_rpm"><strong>rpm</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
rpm <strong>-i</strong> <strong>-q</strong>[ildc]p package.rpm
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Manipulates RPM packages</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-i Install package
-q Query package
-p Query uninstalled package
-i Show information
-l List contents
-d List documents
-c List config files</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_rpm2cpio"><strong>rpm2cpio</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
rpm2cpio package.rpm
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Outputs a cpio archive of the rpm file.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_run_2dparts"><strong>run-parts</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
run-parts [<strong>-t</strong>] [<strong>-a</strong> ARG] [<strong>-u</strong> MASK] DIRECTORY
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Run a bunch of scripts in a directory.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-t Prints what would be run, but does not actually run anything.
-a ARG Pass ARG as an argument for every program invoked.
-u MASK Set the umask to MASK before executing every program.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_rx"><strong>rx</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
rx FILE
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Receive a file using the xmodem protocol.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ rx /tmp/foo</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_sed"><strong>sed</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
sed [<strong>-efinr</strong>] pattern [files...]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-e script add the script to the commands to be executed
-f scriptfile add script-file contents to the
commands to be executed
-i edit files in-place
-n suppress automatic printing of pattern space
-r use extended regular expression syntax</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>If no <strong>-e</strong> or <strong>-f</strong> is given, the first non-option argument is taken as the sed
script to interpret. All remaining arguments are names of input files; if no
input files are specified, then the standard input is read. Source files
will not be modified unless <strong>-i</strong> option is given.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ echo &quot;foo&quot; | sed -e 's/f[a-zA-Z]o/bar/g'
bar</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_seq"><strong>seq</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
seq [first [increment]] last
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Print numbers from FIRST to LAST, in steps of INCREMENT.
FIRST, INCREMENT default to 1
Arguments:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
LAST
FIRST LAST
FIRST INCREMENT LAST</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_setkeycodes"><strong>setkeycodes</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
setkeycodes SCANCODE KEYCODE ...
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Set entries into the kernel's scancode-to-keycode map,
allowing unusual keyboards to generate usable keycodes.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>SCANCODE may be either xx or e0xx (hexadecimal),
and KEYCODE is given in decimal</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ setkeycodes e030 127</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_sha1sum"><strong>sha1sum</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
sha1sum [OPTION] [FILEs...]
or: sha1sum [OPTION] <strong>-c</strong> [FILE]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Print or check SHA1 checksums.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-c check SHA1 sums against given list</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>The following two options are useful only when verifying checksums:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-s don't output anything, status code shows success
-w warn about improperly formated SHA1 checksum lines</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_sleep"><strong>sleep</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
sleep [N]...
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
Pause for a time equal to the total of the args given, where each arg can
have an optional suffix of (s)econds, (m)inutes, (h)ours, or (d)ays.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ sleep 2
[2 second delay results]
$ sleep 1d 3h 22m 8s
[98528 second delay results]</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_sort"><strong>sort</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
sort [<strong>-nru</strong>] [FILE]...
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Sorts lines of text in the specified files</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-u suppress duplicate lines
-r sort in reverse order
-n sort numerics</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ echo -e &quot;e\nf\nb\nd\nc\na&quot; | sort
a
b
c
d
e
f</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_start_2dstop_2ddaemon"><strong>start-stop-daemon</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
start-stop-daemon [OPTIONS] [-<strong>-start</strong>|-<strong>-stop</strong>] ... [-- arguments...]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Program to start and stop services.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-S|--start start
-K|--stop stop
-a|--startas &lt;pathname&gt; starts process specified by pathname
-b|--background force process into background
-u|--user &lt;username&gt;|&lt;uid&gt; stop this user's processes
-x|--exec &lt;executable&gt; program to either start or check
-m|--make-pidfile &lt;filename&gt; create the -p file and enter pid in it
-n|--name &lt;process-name&gt; stop processes with this name
-p|--pidfile &lt;pid-file&gt; save or load pid using a pid-file
-q|--quiet be quiet
-s|--signal &lt;signal&gt; signal to send (default TERM)</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_strings"><strong>strings</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
strings [<strong>-afo</strong>] [<strong>-n</strong> length] [file ... ]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Display printable strings in a binary file.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-a Scan the whole files (this is the default).
-f Precede each string with the name of the file where it was found.
-n N Specifies that at least N characters forms a sequence (default 4)
-o Each string is preceded by its decimal offset in the file.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_stty"><strong>stty</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
stty [<strong>-a</strong>|g] [<strong>-F</strong> DEVICE] [SETTING]...
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline,
and deviations from stty sane.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-F DEVICE open device instead of stdin
-a print all current settings in human-readable form
-g print in stty-readable form
[SETTING] see manpage</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_su"><strong>su</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
su [OPTION]... [-] [username]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Change user id or become root.
Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-p Preserve environment</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_sulogin"><strong>sulogin</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
sulogin [OPTION]... [tty-device]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Single user login
Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-f Do not authenticate (user already authenticated)
-h Name of the remote host for this login.
-p Preserve environment.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_swapoff"><strong>swapoff</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
swapoff [OPTION] [DEVICE]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Stop swapping virtual memory pages on DEVICE.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-a Stop swapping on all swap devices</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_swapon"><strong>swapon</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
swapon [OPTION] [DEVICE]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Start swapping virtual memory pages on DEVICE.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-a Start swapping on all swap devices</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_sync"><strong>sync</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
sync
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Write all buffered filesystem blocks to disk.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_sysctl"><strong>sysctl</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
sysctl [OPTIONS]... [VALUE]...
</dd>
<dd>
<p>sysctl - configure kernel parameters at runtime</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-n Use this option to disable printing of the key name when printing values.
-w Use this option when you want to change a sysctl setting.
-p Load in sysctl settings from the file specified or /etc/sysctl.conf if none given.
-a Display all values currently available.
-A Display all values currently available in table form.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
sysctl [-n] variable ...
sysctl [-n] -w variable=value ...
sysctl [-n] -a
sysctl [-n] -p &lt;file&gt; (default /etc/sysctl.conf)
sysctl [-n] -A</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_syslogd"><strong>syslogd</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
syslogd [OPTION]...
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Linux system and kernel logging utility.
Note that this version of syslogd ignores /etc/syslog.conf.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-m MIN Minutes between MARK lines (default=20, 0=off)
-n Run as a foreground process
-O FILE Use an alternate log file (default=/var/log/messages)
-S Make logging output smaller.
-s SIZE Max size (KB) before rotate (default=200KB, 0=off)
-b NUM Number of rotated logs to keep (default=1, max=99, 0=purge)
-R HOST[:PORT] Log to IP or hostname on PORT (default PORT=514/UDP)
-L Log locally and via network logging (default is network only)
-C [size(KiB)] Log to a circular buffer (read the buffer using logread)</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ syslogd -R masterlog:514
$ syslogd -R 192.168.1.1:601</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_tail"><strong>tail</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
tail [OPTION]... [FILE]...
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Print last 10 lines of each FILE to standard output.
With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the
file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-c N[kbm] output the last N bytes
-n N[kbm] print last N lines instead of last 10
-f output data as the file grows
-q never output headers giving file names
-s SEC wait SEC seconds between reads with -f
-v always output headers giving file names</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>If the first character of N (bytes or lines) is a '+', output begins with
the Nth item from the start of each file, otherwise, print the last N items
in the file. N bytes may be suffixed by k (x1024), b (x512), or m (1024^2).</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ tail -n 1 /etc/resolv.conf
nameserver 10.0.0.1</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_tar"><strong>tar</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
tar -[czjZxtvO] [<strong>-X</strong> FILE][<strong>-f</strong> TARFILE] [<strong>-C</strong> DIR] [FILE(s)] ...
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Create, extract, or list files from a tar file.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
c create
x extract
t list</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Archive format selection:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
z Filter the archive through gzip
j Filter the archive through bzip2
Z Filter the archive through compress</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>File selection:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
f name of TARFILE or &quot;-&quot; for stdin
O extract to stdout
exclude file to exclude
X file with names to exclude
C change to directory DIR before operation
v verbosely list files processed</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ zcat /tmp/tarball.tar.gz | tar -xf -
$ tar -cf /tmp/tarball.tar /usr/local</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_tee"><strong>tee</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
tee [OPTION]... [FILE]...
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-a append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite
-i ignore interrupt signals (SIGINT)</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ echo &quot;Hello&quot; | tee /tmp/foo
$ cat /tmp/foo
Hello</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_telnet"><strong>telnet</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
telnet HOST [PORT]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Telnet is used to establish interactive communication with another
computer over a network using the TELNET protocol.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_telnetd"><strong>telnetd</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
telnetd [OPTION]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Telnetd listens for incoming TELNET connections on PORT.
Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-p PORT listen for connections on PORT (default 23)
-l LOGIN exec LOGIN on connect (default /bin/sh)
-f issue_file Display issue_file instead of /etc/issue.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_test"><strong>test</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
test EXPRESSION
or [ EXPRESSION ]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Checks file types and compares values returning an exit
code determined by the value of EXPRESSION.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ test 1 -eq 2
$ echo $?
1
$ test 1 -eq 1
$ echo $?
0
$ [ -d /etc ]
$ echo $?
0
$ [ -d /junk ]
$ echo $?
1</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_tftp"><strong>tftp</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
tftp [OPTION]... HOST [PORT]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Transfers a file from/to a tftp server using ``octet'' mode.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-l FILE Local FILE.
-r FILE Remote FILE.
-g Get file.
-p Put file.
-b SIZE Transfer blocks of SIZE octets.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_time"><strong>time</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
time [OPTION]... COMMAND [ARGS...]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Runs the program COMMAND with arguments ARGS. When COMMAND finishes,
COMMAND's resource usage information is displayed</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-v Displays verbose resource usage information.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_top"><strong>top</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
top [<strong>-d</strong> &lt;seconds&gt;]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>top provides an view of processor activity in real time.
This utility reads the status for all processes in /proc each &lt;seconds&gt;
and shows the status for however many processes will fit on the screen.
This utility will not show processes that are started after program startup,
but it will show the EXIT status for and PIDs that exit while it is running.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_touch"><strong>touch</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
touch [<strong>-c</strong>] FILE [FILE ...]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Update the last-modified date on the given FILE[s].</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-c Do not create any files</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ ls -l /tmp/foo
/bin/ls: /tmp/foo: No such file or directory
$ touch /tmp/foo
$ ls -l /tmp/foo
-rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 15 01:11 /tmp/foo</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_tr"><strong>tr</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
tr [<strong>-cds</strong>] STRING1 [STRING2]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from
standard input, writing to standard output.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-c take complement of STRING1
-d delete input characters coded STRING1
-s squeeze multiple output characters of STRING2 into one character</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ echo &quot;gdkkn vnqkc&quot; | tr [a-y] [b-z]
hello world</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_traceroute"><strong>traceroute</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td>traceroute [<strong>-dnrv</strong>] [<strong>-m</strong> max_ttl] [<strong>-p</strong> port#] [<strong>-q</strong> nqueries]
<tr><td><td>[<strong>-s</strong> src_addr] [<strong>-t</strong> tos] [<strong>-w</strong> wait] host [data size]</table>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>trace the route ip packets follow going to ``host''
Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-d set SO_DEBUG options to socket
-n Print hop addresses numerically rather than symbolically
-r Bypass the normal routing tables and send directly to a host
-v Verbose output
-m max_ttl Set the max time-to-live (max number of hops)
-p port# Set the base UDP port number used in probes
(default is 33434)
-q nqueries Set the number of probes per ``ttl'' to nqueries
(default is 3)
-s src_addr Use the following IP address as the source address
-t tos Set the type-of-service in probe packets to the following value
(default 0)
-w wait Set the time (in seconds) to wait for a response to a probe
(default 3 sec.).</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_true"><strong>true</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
true
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Return an exit code of TRUE (0).</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ true
$ echo $?
0</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_tty"><strong>tty</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
tty
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-s print nothing, only return an exit status</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ tty
/dev/tty2</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_udhcpc"><strong>udhcpc</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
udhcpc [<strong>-fbnqv</strong>] [<strong>-c</strong> CLIENTID] [<strong>-H</strong> HOSTNAME] [<strong>-i</strong> INTERFACE]
[<strong>-p</strong> pidfile] [<strong>-r</strong> IP] [<strong>-s</strong> script]
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-c, --clientid=CLIENTID Client identifier
-H, --hostname=HOSTNAME Client hostname
-h, Alias for -H
-f, --foreground Do not fork after getting lease
-b, --background Fork to background if lease cannot be immediately negotiated.
-i, --interface=INTERFACE Interface to use (default: eth0)
-n, --now Exit with failure if lease cannot be immediately negotiated.
-p, --pidfile=file Store process ID of daemon in file
-q, --quit Quit after obtaining lease
-r, --request=IP IP address to request (default: none)
-s, --script=file Run file at dhcp events (default: /usr/share/udhcpc/default.script)
-v, --version Display version</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_udhcpd"><strong>udhcpd</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
udhcpd [configfile]
</dd>
<dd>
<p></p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_umount"><strong>umount</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
umount [flags] FILESYSTEM|DIRECTORY
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Unmount file systems</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Flags:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-a Unmount all file systems in /etc/mtab
-n Don't erase /etc/mtab entries
-r Try to remount devices as read-only if mount is busy
-f Force umount (i.e., unreachable NFS server)
-l Do not free loop device (if a loop device has been used)</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ umount /dev/hdc1</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_uname"><strong>uname</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
uname [OPTION]...
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as <strong>-s</strong>.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-a print all information
-m the machine (hardware) type
-n print the machine's network node hostname
-r print the operating system release
-s print the operating system name
-p print the host processor type
-v print the operating system version</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ uname -a
Linux debian 2.4.23 #2 Tue Dec 23 17:09:10 MST 2003 i686 GNU/Linux</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_uncompress"><strong>uncompress</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
uncompress [<strong>-c</strong>] [<strong>-f</strong>] [ name ... ]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Uncompress .Z file[s]
Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-c extract to stdout
-f force overwrite an existing file</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_uniq"><strong>uniq</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
uniq [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Discard all but one of successive identical lines from INPUT
(or standard input), writing to OUTPUT (or standard output).</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-c prefix lines by the number of occurrences
-d only print duplicate lines
-u only print unique lines
-f N skip the first N fields
-s N skip the first N chars (after any skipped fields)</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ echo -e &quot;a\na\nb\nc\nc\na&quot; | sort | uniq
a
b
c</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_unix2dos"><strong>unix2dos</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
unix2dos [option] [FILE]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Converts FILE from unix format to dos format. When no option
is given, the input is converted to the opposite output format.
When no file is given, uses stdin for input and stdout for output.
Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-u output will be in UNIX format
-d output will be in DOS format</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_unzip"><strong>unzip</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
unzip [<strong>-opts</strong>[modifiers]] file[.zip] [list] [<strong>-x</strong> xlist] [<strong>-d</strong> exdir]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Extracts files from ZIP archives.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-l list archive contents (short form)
-n never overwrite existing files (default)
-o overwrite files without prompting
-p send output to stdout
-q be quiet
-x exclude these files
-d extract files into this directory</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_uptime"><strong>uptime</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
uptime
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Display the time since the last boot.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ uptime
1:55pm up 2:30, load average: 0.09, 0.04, 0.00</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_usleep"><strong>usleep</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
usleep N
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Pause for N microseconds.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ usleep 1000000
[pauses for 1 second]</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_uudecode"><strong>uudecode</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
uudecode [FILE]...
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Uudecode a file that is uuencoded.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-o FILE direct output to FILE</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ uudecode -o busybox busybox.uu
$ ls -l busybox
-rwxr-xr-x 1 ams ams 245264 Jun 7 21:35 busybox</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_uuencode"><strong>uuencode</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
uuencode [OPTION] [INFILE] REMOTEFILE
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Uuencode a file.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-m use base64 encoding per RFC1521</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ uuencode busybox busybox
begin 755 busybox
&lt;encoded file snipped&gt;
$ uudecode busybox busybox &gt; busybox.uu
$</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_vconfig"><strong>vconfig</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
vconfig COMMAND [OPTIONS] ...
</dd>
<dd>
<p>vconfig lets you create and remove virtual ethernet devices.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
add [interface-name] [vlan_id]
rem [vlan-name]
set_flag [interface-name] [flag-num] [0 | 1]
set_egress_map [vlan-name] [skb_priority] [vlan_qos]
set_ingress_map [vlan-name] [skb_priority] [vlan_qos]
set_name_type [name-type]</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_vi"><strong>vi</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
vi [OPTION] [FILE]...
</dd>
<dd>
<p>edit FILE.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-R Read-only- do not write to the file.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_vlock"><strong>vlock</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
vlock [OPTIONS]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Lock a virtual terminal. A password is required to unlock
Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-a Lock all VTs</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_watch"><strong>watch</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
watch [<strong>-n</strong> &lt;seconds&gt;] COMMAND...
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Executes a program periodically.
Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-n Loop period in seconds - default is 2.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ watch date
Mon Dec 17 10:31:40 GMT 2000
Mon Dec 17 10:31:42 GMT 2000
Mon Dec 17 10:31:44 GMT 2000</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_watchdog"><strong>watchdog</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
watchdog [<strong>-t</strong> &lt;seconds&gt;] DEV
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Periodically write to watchdog device DEV.
Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-t Timer period in seconds - default is 30.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_wc"><strong>wc</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
wc [OPTION]... [FILE]...
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Print line, word, and byte counts for each FILE, and a total line if
more than one FILE is specified. With no FILE, read standard input.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-c print the byte counts
-l print the newline counts
-L print the length of the longest line
-w print the word counts</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ wc /etc/passwd
31 46 1365 /etc/passwd</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_wget"><strong>wget</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td>wget [<strong>-c</strong>|-<strong>-continue</strong>] [<strong>-q</strong>|-<strong>-quiet</strong>] [<strong>-O</strong>|-<strong>-output</strong>-document file]
<tr><td><td>[-<strong>-header</strong> 'header: value'] [<strong>-Y</strong>|-<strong>-proxy</strong> on/off] [<strong>-P</strong> DIR] url</table>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>wget retrieves files via HTTP or FTP</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-c continue retrieval of aborted transfers
-q quiet mode - do not print
-P Set directory prefix to DIR
-O save to filename ('-' for stdout)
-Y use proxy ('on' or 'off')</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_which"><strong>which</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
which [COMMAND ...]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Locates a COMMAND.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ which login
/bin/login</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_who"><strong>who</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
who
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Prints the current user names and related information</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_whoami"><strong>whoami</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
whoami
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Prints the user name associated with the current effective user id.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_xargs"><strong>xargs</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
xargs [COMMAND] [OPTIONS] [ARGS...]
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Executes COMMAND on every item given by standard input.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Options:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
-p Prompt the user about whether to run each command
-r Do not run command for empty readed lines
-x Exit if the size is exceeded
-0 Input filenames are terminated by a null character
-t Print the command line on stderr before executing it.</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Example:</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>
$ ls | xargs gzip
$ find . -name '*.c' -print | xargs rm</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_yes"><strong>yes</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
yes [OPTION]... [STRING]...
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Repeatedly outputs a line with all specified STRING(s), or 'y'.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p>
<dt><strong><a name="item_zcat"><strong>zcat</strong></a></strong><br />
</dt>
<dd>
zcat FILE
</dd>
<dd>
<p>Uncompress to stdout.</p>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>-------------------------------</p>
</dd>
<p></p></dl>
<p>
</p>
<hr />
<h1><a name="libc_nss">LIBC NSS</a></h1>
<p>GNU Libc (glibc) uses the Name Service Switch (NSS) to configure the behavior
of the C library for the local environment, and to configure how it reads
system data, such as passwords and group information. This is implemented
using an /etc/nsswitch.conf configuration file, and using one or more of the
/lib/libnss_* libraries. BusyBox tries to avoid using any libc calls that make
use of NSS. Some applets however, such as login and su, will use libc functions
that require NSS.</p>
<p>If you enable CONFIG_USE_BB_PWD_GRP, BusyBox will use internal functions to
directly access the /etc/passwd, /etc/group, and /etc/shadow files without
using NSS. This may allow you to run your system without the need for
installing any of the NSS configuration files and libraries.</p>
<p>When used with glibc, the BusyBox 'networking' applets will similarly require
that you install at least some of the glibc NSS stuff (in particular,
/etc/nsswitch.conf, /lib/libnss_dns*, /lib/libnss_files*, and /lib/libresolv*).</p>
<p>Shameless Plug: As an alternative, one could use a C library such as uClibc. In
addition to making your system significantly smaller, uClibc does not require the
use of any NSS support files or libraries.</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr />
<h1><a name="maintainer">MAINTAINER</a></h1>
<p>Erik Andersen &lt;<a href="mailto:andersen@codepoet.org">andersen@codepoet.org</a>&gt;</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr />
<h1><a name="authors">AUTHORS</a></h1>
<p>The following people have contributed code to BusyBox whether they know it or
not. If you have written code included in BusyBox, you should probably be
listed here so you can obtain your bit of eternal glory. If you should be
listed here, or the description of what you have done needs more detail, or is
incorect, please send in an update.</p>
<br><p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td>Emanuele Aina &lt;<a href="mailto:emanuele.aina@tiscali.it">emanuele.aina@tiscali.it</a>&gt;
<tr><td><td>run-parts</table></p>
<br><p>Erik Andersen &lt;<a href="mailto:andersen@codepoet.org">andersen@codepoet.org</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
Tons of new stuff, major rewrite of most of the
core apps, tons of new apps as noted in header files.
Lots of tedious effort writing these boring docs that
nobody is going to actually read.</pre>
<br><p>Laurence Anderson &lt;<a href="mailto:l.d.anderson@warwick.ac.uk">l.d.anderson@warwick.ac.uk</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
rpm2cpio, unzip, get_header_cpio, read_gz interface, rpm</pre>
<br><p>Jeff Angielski &lt;<a href="mailto:jeff@theptrgroup.com">jeff@theptrgroup.com</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
ftpput, ftpget</pre>
<br><p>Edward Betts &lt;<a href="mailto:edward@debian.org">edward@debian.org</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
expr, hostid, logname, whoami</pre>
<br><p>John Beppu &lt;<a href="mailto:beppu@codepoet.org">beppu@codepoet.org</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
du, nslookup, sort</pre>
<br><p>Brian Candler &lt;<a href="mailto:B.Candler@pobox.com">B.Candler@pobox.com</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
tiny-ls(ls)</pre>
<br><p>Randolph Chung &lt;<a href="mailto:tausq@debian.org">tausq@debian.org</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
fbset, ping, hostname</pre>
<br><p>Dave Cinege &lt;<a href="mailto:dcinege@psychosis.com">dcinege@psychosis.com</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
more(v2), makedevs, dutmp, modularization, auto links file,
various fixes, Linux Router Project maintenance</pre>
<br><p>Jordan Crouse &lt;<a href="mailto:jordan@cosmicpenguin.net">jordan@cosmicpenguin.net</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
ipcalc</pre>
<br><p>Magnus Damm &lt;<a href="mailto:damm@opensource.se">damm@opensource.se</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
tftp client insmod powerpc support</pre>
<br><p>Larry Doolittle &lt;<a href="mailto:ldoolitt@recycle.lbl.gov">ldoolitt@recycle.lbl.gov</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
pristine source directory compilation, lots of patches and fixes.</pre>
<br><p>Glenn Engel &lt;<a href="mailto:glenne@engel.org">glenne@engel.org</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
httpd</pre>
<br><p>Gennady Feldman &lt;<a href="mailto:gfeldman@gena01.com">gfeldman@gena01.com</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
Sysklogd (single threaded syslogd, IPC Circular buffer support,
logread), various fixes.</pre>
<br><p>Karl M. Hegbloom &lt;<a href="mailto:karlheg@debian.org">karlheg@debian.org</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
cp_mv.c, the test suite, various fixes to utility.c, &amp;c.</pre>
<br><p>Daniel Jacobowitz &lt;<a href="mailto:dan@debian.org">dan@debian.org</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
mktemp.c</pre>
<br><p>Matt Kraai &lt;<a href="mailto:kraai@alumni.cmu.edu">kraai@alumni.cmu.edu</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
documentation, bugfixes, test suite</pre>
<br><p>Stephan Linz &lt;<a href="mailto:linz@li-pro.net">linz@li-pro.net</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
ipcalc, Red Hat equivalence</pre>
<br><p>John Lombardo &lt;<a href="mailto:john@deltanet.com">john@deltanet.com</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
tr</pre>
<br><p>Glenn McGrath &lt;<a href="mailto:bug1@iinet.net.au">bug1@iinet.net.au</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
Common unarchving code and unarchiving applets, ifupdown, ftpgetput,
nameif, sed, patch, fold, install, uudecode.
Various bugfixes, review and apply numerous patches.</pre>
<br><p>Manuel Novoa III &lt;<a href="mailto:mjn3@codepoet.org">mjn3@codepoet.org</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
cat, head, mkfifo, mknod, rmdir, sleep, tee, tty, uniq, usleep, wc, yes,
mesg, vconfig, make_directory, parse_mode, dirname, mode_string,
get_last_path_component, simplify_path, and a number trivial libbb routines</pre>
<pre>
also bug fixes, partial rewrites, and size optimizations in
ash, basename, cal, cmp, cp, df, du, echo, env, ln, logname, md5sum, mkdir,
mv, realpath, rm, sort, tail, touch, uname, watch, arith, human_readable,
interface, dutmp, ifconfig, route</pre>
<br><p>Vladimir Oleynik &lt;<a href="mailto:dzo@simtreas.ru">dzo@simtreas.ru</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
cmdedit; xargs(current), httpd(current);
ports: ash, crond, fdisk, inetd, stty, traceroute, top;
locale, various fixes
and irreconcilable critic of everything not perfect.</pre>
<br><p>Bruce Perens &lt;<a href="mailto:bruce@pixar.com">bruce@pixar.com</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
Original author of BusyBox in 1995, 1996. Some of his code can
still be found hiding here and there...</pre>
<br><p>Tim Riker &lt;<a href="mailto:Tim@Rikers.org">Tim@Rikers.org</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
bug fixes, member of fan club</pre>
<br><p>Kent Robotti &lt;<a href="mailto:robotti@metconnect.com">robotti@metconnect.com</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
reset, tons and tons of bug reports and patches.</pre>
<br><p>Chip Rosenthal &lt;<a href="mailto:chip@unicom.com">chip@unicom.com</a>&gt;, &lt;<a href="mailto:crosenth@covad.com">crosenth@covad.com</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
wget - Contributed by permission of Covad Communications</pre>
<br><p>Pavel Roskin &lt;<a href="mailto:proski@gnu.org">proski@gnu.org</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
Lots of bugs fixes and patches.</pre>
<br><p>Gyepi Sam &lt;<a href="mailto:gyepi@praxis-sw.com">gyepi@praxis-sw.com</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
Remote logging feature for syslogd</pre>
<br><p>Linus Torvalds &lt;<a href="mailto:torvalds@transmeta.com">torvalds@transmeta.com</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
mkswap, fsck.minix, mkfs.minix</pre>
<br><p>Mark Whitley &lt;<a href="mailto:markw@codepoet.org">markw@codepoet.org</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
grep, sed, cut, xargs(previous),
style-guide, new-applet-HOWTO, bug fixes, etc.</pre>
<br><p>Charles P. Wright &lt;<a href="mailto:cpwright@villagenet.com">cpwright@villagenet.com</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
gzip, mini-netcat(nc)</pre>
<br><p>Enrique Zanardi &lt;<a href="mailto:ezanardi@ull.es">ezanardi@ull.es</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
tarcat (since removed), loadkmap, various fixes, Debian maintenance</pre>
<br><p>Tito Ragusa &lt;<a href="mailto:farmatito@tiscali.it">farmatito@tiscali.it</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
devfsd and size optimizations in strings, openvt and deallocvt.</pre>
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